It was year 2002, when I tried my first dependency injection container in Java (these were mostly called Inversion-of-Control containers then). It was one of
Apache Avalon subprojects, namely Fortress (beside ECM, Merlin and some others). Before it, I designed my applications in any custom way I saw fit, and sometimes there wasn't much design at all, so that moment really felt enlightening. I know it sounds silly now because these containers are so common now in all mainstream languages, but back then, it really took quality of my apps to whole new level, and I felt I could comprehend my code much more easily.
Now it's 2013, and destiny took me to Clojure language. I'm still fresh to it, but what I noticed is there isn't much info around about structuring the applications, as if namespaces and vars contained in them are sufficient for anything. If there wasn't few presentations from
Stuart Sierra or
Prismatic team, I would probably go on thinking it must be an issue with my OO legacy. Fortunately, after these talks, I could see there is a real need for some kind of componentization, and although there are some libraries out there such as
Prismatic Graph or
Jig, they are somewhat different from what Java programmers are used to, so I decided to write my own, especially because it's so dead-simple idea. The final result is small GitHub project called
Teuta.
Library Dependencies
Add the necessary dependency to your Leiningen project.clj and require the library in your ns:
[vmarcinko/teuta "0.1.0"] ; project.clj
(ns my-app (:require [vmarcinko.teuta :as teuta])) ; ns
Container Specification
Anyway, to create a component container, we have to start by defining a specification, and it is simply a map of entries
[component-id component-specification].
Component ID is usually a keyword, though String or some other value can be used. Component specification is vector of
[component-factory-fn & args], so a component can be constructed later, during container construction time, by evaluating factory function with given arguments. So you see, this is just an ordinary function, and a component can be constructed in any arbitrary way, though maybe most usual way would be to use records and their map factory functions which are very descriptive.
If a component depends upon some other component, then it should be configured to use it. Referring to other components is done via
(teuta/comp-ref some-comp-id)
If components form circular dependencies, exception will be reported during container construction time.
Similarly, if we want to parametrize some piece of component configuration, then we simply do that via:
(teuta/param-ref some-param-id-path)
So, specification would look something like:
{:my-comp-1 [mycompany.myapp/map->MyComp1Record
{:my-prop-1 "Some string"
:my-prop-2 334
:my-prop-3 (teuta/param-ref :comp-1-settings :some-remote-URL)
:comp2-prop (teuta/comp-ref :my-comp-2)}]
:my-comp-2 [mycompany.myapp/map->MyComp2Record
{:my-prop-1 6161
:my-prop-2 (atom nil)
:my-prop-3 (teuta/param-ref :comp-2-settings :admin-email)}]}
Since whole specification is simply a regular map, it is useful to have some common map containing always present components, and have separate profile-specific maps with components for production, test, development... That way you simply merge those maps together to construct desired final specification.
Container Construction
Once we have our specification, we can simply create a container by calling
(def my-container (teuta/create-container my-specification my-parameters))
The container is just a sorted map of
[component-id component] entries. When the container map is printed, in order to make it a bit more clear, referred components will be printed as << component
some-comp-id >>.
Since whole application state is also contained in this container map, this means it plays nicely with Stuart Sierra
"reloaded" workflow.
Component Lifecycle
If a component's functions depend upon some side-effecting logic being executed prior to using them, then a component can implement
vmarcinko.teuta/Lifecycle protocol. The protocol combines start and stop functions which will get called during starting and stopping of a container.
(defprotocol Lifecycle
(start [this] "Starts the component. Returns nil.")
(stop [this] "Stops the component. Returns nil."))
Container is started by:
(teuta/start-container my-container)
Components are started in dependency order. If any component raises exception during startup, the container will automatically perform stopping of all already started components, and rethrow the exception afterwards.
Likewise, stopping of container is done via:
(teuta/stop-container my-container)
If any component raises exception during this process, the exception will be logged and the process will continue with other components.
Example
Here we define 2 components -
divider and
alarmer.
Divider takes 2 numbers and returns result of their division. Let's define working interface of the component as protocol, so we can allow many implementations.
(ns vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider)
(defprotocol Divider
(divide [this n1 n2]
"Divides 2 numbers and returns vector [:ok result].
In case of error, [:error \"Some error description\"] will be returned"))
Unlike this example, component interfaces will mostly contain multiple related functions.
Request-handler components, such as web handlers, usually don't have a working interface since we don't "pull" them for some functionality, they just need to be started and stopped by container, thus implement Lifecycle protocol.
Default implementation of our divider component will naturally return the result of dividing the numbers, but in case of division by zero, it will also send notification about the thing to alarmer component (by calling
vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer/raise-alarm). Placing component implementation in separate namespace is just a nice way of separating component interface and implementation.
(ns vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider-impl
(:require [vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer :as alarmer]
[vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider :as divider]
[vmarcinko.teuta :as teuta]))
(defrecord DefaultDividerImpl [alarmer division-by-zero-alarm-text]
divider/Divider
(divide [_ n1 n2]
(if (= n2 0)
(do
(alarmer/raise-alarm alarmer division-by-zero-alarm-text)
[:error "Division by zero error"])
[:ok (/ n1 n2)])))
Alarmer is defined as follows:
(ns vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer)
(defprotocol Alarmer
(raise-alarm [this description] "Raise alarm about some issue. Returns nil."))
Default implementation of alarmer "sends" alarm notifications to preconfigured email addresses. For this example, sending an email is just printing the message to stdout. It also prints alarm count, which is mutable state of this component, and is held in an atom passed to it during construction. Atom state is initialized and cleaned up during lifecycle phases - start and stop.
(ns vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer-impl
(:require [vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer :as alarmer]
[vmarcinko.teuta :as teuta]))
(defrecord DefaultAlarmerImpl [notification-emails alarm-count]
alarmer/Alarmer
(raise-alarm [_ description]
(let [new-alarm-count (swap! alarm-count inc)]
(println (str "Alarm Nr." new-alarm-count " raised: '" description "'; notifying emails: " notification-emails))))
teuta/Lifecycle
(start [_]
(reset! alarm-count 0))
(stop [_]
(reset! alarm-count nil)))
So let's finally create container specification and wire these 2 components. We will also extract alarmer email addresses as application parameters.
(def my-parameters {:alarmer-settings {:emails ["admin1@mycompany.com" "admin2@mycompany.com"]}})
(def my-specification
{:my-divider [vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider-impl/map->DefaultDividerImpl
{:alarmer (teuta/comp-ref :my-alarmer)
:division-by-zero-alarm-text "Arghhh, somebody tried to divide with zero!"}]
:my-alarmer [vmarcinko.teutaexample.alarmer-impl/map->DefaultAlarmerImpl
{:notification-emails (teuta/param-ref :alarmer-settings :emails)
:alarm-count (atom nil)}]})
Now we can construct the container, start it and try out dividing 2 numbers via divider component.
(def my-container (teuta/create-container my-specification my-parameters))
(teuta/start-container my-container)
(vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider/divide (:my-divider my-container) 3 44)
=> [:ok 3/44]
(vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider/divide (:my-divider my-container) 3 0)
=> Alarm Nr.1 raised: 'Arghhh, somebody tried to divide with zero!': notifying emails: ["admin1@mycompany.com" "admin2@mycompany.com"]
=> [:error "Division by zero error"]
In order to call
vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider/divide function "from outside", we needed to pick divider component from the container first. But if request-handling piece of application is also a component in container, as could be the case with some web handler serving HTTP requests to our
vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider/divide function, then container specification will handle wiring specified divider component. Let's create such a
web handler component using popular Jetty web server:
(ns vmarcinko.teutaexample.web-handler
(:require [ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty]
[vmarcinko.teuta :as teuta]
[ring.middleware.params :as ring-params]
[vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider :as divider]))
(defn- create-handler [divider]
(fn [request]
(let [num1 (Integer/parseInt ((:params request) "arg1"))
num2 (Integer/parseInt ((:params request) "arg2"))
result (nth (divider/divide divider num1 num2) 1)]
{:status 200
:headers {"Content-Type" "text/html"}
:body (str "<h1>Result of dividing " num1 " with " num2 " is: " result " </h1>")})))
(defn- ignore-favicon [handler]
(fn [request]
(when-not (= (:uri request) "/favicon.ico")
(handler request))))
(defrecord DefaultWebHandler [port divider server]
teuta/Lifecycle
(start [this]
(reset! server
(let [handler (->> (create-handler divider)
ring-params/wrap-params
ignore-favicon)]
(jetty/run-jetty handler {:port port :join? false}))))
(stop [this]
(.stop @server)
(reset! server nil)))
Jetty server is held in an atom, and is started on configured port during lifecycle start phase. As can be seen, divider component is the only dependency of this component, and request URL parameters "arg1" and "arg2" are passed as arguments to vmarcinko.teutaexample.divider/divide function. We added also favicon request ignoring handler to simplify testing it via browser. This component requires popular Ring library, so one needs to add that to project.clj as:
:dependencies [[ring/ring-core "1.2.0"]
[ring/ring-jetty-adapter "1.2.0"]
...
Let's expand our specification to wire this new component.
(def my-parameters { ...previous parameters ...
:web-handler-settings {:port 3500}})
(def my-specification
{ ....previous components ....
:my-web-handler [vmarcinko.teutaexample.web-handler/map->DefaultWebHandler
{:port (teuta/param-ref :web-handler-settings :port)
:divider (teuta/comp-ref :my-divider)
:server (atom nil)}]})
Now, after the container has been started, we can try out HTTP request:
http://localhost:3500?arg1=3&arg2=44
Division result should be returned as HTML response. Division with zero should print alarming message to REPL output.
